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Dr. Massimo Cristofanilli is the director of Breast Medical Oncology, professor of Medicine, and associate director of Precision Oncology at Weill Cornell Medicine; attending physician at New York-Presbyterian.

Dr. Massimo Cristofanilli discusses the early use of camizestrant with a CDK4/6 inhibitor to target ESR1 mutations, as it may improve outcomes in metastatic breast cancer.

Targeting ESR1 Mutations Early May Improve Outcomes in Breast Cancer

Among patients with advanced castration-sensitive prostate cancer, health-related quality of life was not statistically different between those receiving Erleada (apalutamide) alone or in combination with Zytiga (abiraterone acetate) and prednisone compared with those receiving androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) plus Zytiga and prednisone, according to findings in 

Health-related quality of life was evaluated using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Prostate (FACT-P) questionnaire and its subscales. The questionnaire was completed at baseline and every four weeks until week 25. FACT-P scores range from 0 to 156, with higher scores indicating better quality of life, according to study authors.

There were no significant differences in baseline mean FACT-P total scores or subscales across the three treatment groups: ADT plus Zytiga and prednisone, 118.5; Erleada, 116.1; and Zytiga and prednisone plus Erleada, 114.9.

Health-related quality of life was maintained during the treatment period, with no statistically significant differences at 25 weeks in mean FACT-P total scores or subscales: ADT plus Zytiga and prednisone, 122.3; Erleada monotherapy, 119.5; and Zytiga and prednisone plus Erleada, 119.9.

The Erleada monotherapy and Zytiga and prednisone plus Erleada groups did not experience meaningful improvements in health-related quality of life compared with the ADT plus Zytiga and prednisone group, except in time to deterioration of the emotional well-being score. This outcome was more favorable in those who received Erleada alone, with a 63% reduction in risk compared with the ADT plus Zytiga and prednisone group, which had a 44% reduction in risk.

A prostate-specific antigen level of 0.2 nanograms per milliliter or lower at week 25 was observed in 31 of 41 patients (75.6%) in the ADT plus Zytiga and prednisone group, 24 of 40 patients (60%) in the Erleada monotherapy group and 31 of 39 patients (79.5%) in the Erleada plus Zytiga and prednisone group. The two-year overall survival rates were 92.5% for the ADT plus Zytiga and prednisone group, 87.9% for the Erleada monotherapy group and 92.7% for the Erleada plus Zytiga and prednisone arm.

Treatment-related side effects of any grade were reported in 30 of 42 patients (71.4%) in the ADT plus Zytiga and prednisone group, 34 of 42 patients (81%) in the Erleada monotherapy group and 36 of 44 patients (81.8%) in the Erleada plus Zytiga and prednisone group.

Grade 3 (severe) and 4 (life-threatening) treatment-related side effects occurred in eight of 42 patients (19%) in the ADT plus Zytiga and prednisone group, seven of 42 patients (16.7%) in the Erleada monotherapy group and 10 of 44 patients (22.7%) in the Erleada plus Zytiga and prednisone group. Lower rates of hot flashes and hypertension were reported in patients who received Erleada monotherapy.

Gynecomastia affected 23 of 42 patients (54.8%), and breast pain was reported by six of 42 patients (14.3%) in the Erleada monotherapy group, both higher than rates observed in the other two groups. No new safety signals were detected in
the study.

“Androgen Receptor Pathway Inhibitor Therapy for Advanced Prostate Cancer: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial” by Dr. Diogo Assed Bastos et al., 

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In patients with advanced castration-sensitive prostate cancer, health-related quality of life (HRQOL) was similar across treatment groups receiving Erleada (apalutamide) alone, APA plus Zytiga (abiraterone acetate) and Deltasone (prednisone), or ADT plus AAP. The study, published in JAMA Network Open, found no significant differences in HRQOL scores at 25 weeks. However, the APA-alone group showed a more favorable time to deterioration in emotional well-being. PSA levels and overall survival rates were comparable, with varying side effect profiles across treatment groups.

A study found no significant HRQOL differences between Erleada-based therapies and ADT plus AAP for advanced castration-sensitive prostate cancer.

Tumor

Erleada Combo Shows Comparable Quality of Life Outcomes in Prostate Cancer

In a real-world setting, standard-of-care Carvykti (ciltacabta-gene autoleucel) has been shown to elicit responses from nearly all participating patients with relapsed/ refractory multiple myeloma (R/R MM).

Carvykti is a type of chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T ) cell therapy, which, as explained by the National Cancer Institute, involves a patient’s T cells — part
of the immune system — being extracted, changed in a laboratory to attack cancer cells, grown in the laboratory and infused back into the patient.

Overall and complete response rates were 89% and 70%, respectively, in
all patients who received Carvykti, 94% and 74% in 191 patients who received conforming Carvykti and 95% and 76% in 152 patients treated with conforming Carvykti with fludarabine/ cyclophosphamide lymphodepletion.

A comforming treatment is administered according to the specifications of
the FDA’s approval, and lymphodepletion is a short course of chemotherapy administered before CAR-T cell therapy.

 for adults with R/R MM who had received at least four prior lines of treatment. In 2024, the agency approved Carvykti for patients who received at least one prior line of therapy.

, that led to the FDA’s 2022 approval of Carvykti, the overall response rate was 98%, with 83% stringent complete response, according to findings published in 2023.

Patients with R/R MM who underwent leukapheresis, or the collection of healthy white blood cells from a patient, for Carvykti manufacturing at 16 American academic medical centers were included in the study, published in Blood, with 255 patients undergoing leukapheresis and 236 receiving Carvykti.

Of the real-world patients, 54% would not have met the eligibility criteria for CARTITUDE-1.

Senior author Dr. Doris K. Hansen of Moffitt Cancer Center’s Department
of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, explained in an interview with 

 why such real-world findings are significant.

“Clinical trials are invaluable because they serve as the gold standard for introducing new therapies and advancing science,” Hansen explained.

“However, clinical trials often have strict eligibility criteria. Patients must meet very specific criteria to participate — they need to have good organ function, stable blood counts and no significant comorbidities."

In contrast, Hansen said, the patients seen in day-to-day clinical practice often have a variety of health challenges, with many patients having comorbid conditions like cardiac issues or renal impairment, and with about 20% of those diagnosed with myeloma experiencing kidney problems. “Additionally,” Hansen said, “some patients may have plasma cell leukemia, amyloidosis or myeloma-related bone damage, which can lead to fractures, pain and even reduced mobility or wheelchair use. These factors often make patients ineligible for clinical trials. ... It is, therefore, very important to report on the experiences of these patients. By studying their outcomes, we can understand how treatments perform in real-world scenarios, as opposed to the controlled, ideal conditions of clinical trials.”

The eligibility criteria for CARTITUDE-1 included adequate organ function, limited comorbidities and having no prior exposure to B-cell maturation antigentargeted therapy.

Cytokine release syndrome was experienced by 75% of patients, with grade 3 (severe) or higher in 5%. Immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome was seen in 14%, with grade 3 or higher in 4%. Delayed neurotoxicity was reported in 10% of patients.

Researchers reported a 10% nonrelapse mortality rate, mostly from infections, and noted that second primary malignancies, excluding nonmelanoma skin cancers, were seen in 5.5% of patients and myeloid malignancies/acute leukemia in 1.7%.

 such as Carvykti, as explained by the National Cancer Institute, involves a patient’s T cells, part of the immune system, being extracted, changed in a laboratory to attack cancer cells, grown in the laboratory and infused back into the patient. Carvykti is currently approved by the FDA to be administered in the second line of treatment.

Safety and Efficacy of Standard of Care Ciltacabtagene Autoleucel for Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma” by Dr. Surbhi Sidana, et al., 

Carvykti (ciltacabtagene autoleucel) demonstrates significant efficacy in real-world settings for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma, with 89% of patients responding and 70% achieving complete response. Despite many patients not meeting clinical trial criteria, outcomes were comparable to the CARTITUDE-1 trial. At 13 months, median progression-free survival and overall survival were not reached, with 12-month estimates at 68% and 82%, respectively. Side effects included cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity. Carvykti, a CAR-T cell therapy, is FDA-approved for patients with multiple prior treatments.

The CAR-T cell therapy Carvykti has been shown to be effective among patients outside the confines of a clinical trial.

Carvykti Effective in Real-World Setting for Myeloma 

Among patients with stage 3 unresectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the first participant has been dosed in the phase 2 CONVERGE study, according to a news release from biotechnology company Nanobiotix. The randomized, controlled clinical trial is evaluating the potential first-in-class radioenhancer JNJ-1900 (NBTXR3) in patients being treated with standard-of-care chemoradiation followed by consolidation Imfinzi (durvalumab).

“We believe the true value of [NBTXR3] is driven by its potential to address the unmet needs of the millions of patients each year who receive radiotherapy as part of their treatment,” said Laurent Levy, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Executive Board at Nanobiotix. “With a clear path to potential registration in head and neck cancer established through NANORAY-312, the first patient dosed in the CONVERGE study in [non-small cell lung cancer] NSCLC brings us another step closer to delivering for the large number of patients [NBTXR3] is designed to serve.”

Who is Eligible For CONVERGE Study Enrollment?

According to the clinical trial page
at clinicaltrials.gov, CONVERGE is evaluating the addition of NBTXR3 to concurrent platinum-based doublet chemotherapy with radiation therapy, followed by consolidation immunotherapy, and whether this enhances the objective response rate in patients with locally advanced, unresectable stage 3 NSCLC.

To be considered eligible for enrollment, patients must be candidates for chemotherapy with radiation therapy; have a pathologically confirmed NSCLC diagnosis within three months prior to enrollment; present with unresectable stage 3IIIA or 3IIIB NSCLC; have at least one target lesion suitable for intratumoral or /intranodal injection and external beam radiation therapy; and have an ECOG performance status of 0 or 1.

Participants are considered ineligible for enrollment in the study if they have a history of primary immunodeficiency; organ transplantation requiring immunosuppression; significant cardiac events within three months before enrollment; concurrent or recent malignancies other than NSCLC; and known hypersensitivity to study drugs or components.

Patients with active bleeding diathesis or patients requiring anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy that cannot be safely modified for procedures are also excluded.

The novel, potentially first-in-class oncology product NBTXR3 comprises functionalized hafnium oxide crystal nanoparticles administered via one-time intratumoral injection and activated by radiotherapy. The proof-of-concept for NBTXR3 was demonstrated in soft tissue sarcomas, leading to the agent receiving a European CE mark in 2019.

The agent’s mechanism of action is designed to induce substantial tumor cell death within the injected tumor when activated by radiotherapy, thereby triggering an adaptive immune response and establishing long-term anticancer memory. Consequently, the company anticipates that NBTXR3 could be applied to any solid tumor treatable with radiotherapy and be adaptable to any therapeutic combination, especially with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

The radiotherapy-activated NBTXR3 is under evaluation for multiple solid tumor indications as a stand-alone treatment and in combination with anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors. These initiatives include the global, randomized NANORAY-312 trial, which is focused on locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. In February 2020, the Food and Drug Administration granted fast track designation to NBTXR3 activated by radiotherapy, with or without Erbitux (cetuximab), for patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma who are ineligible for platinum-based chemotherapy.

In 2019, the company entered a comprehensive clinical research partnership with The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center to sponsor multiple phase 1 and 2 trials evaluating NBTXR3 across various tumor types and therapeutic combinations. Nanobiotix announced a license agreement with Janssen Pharmaceuticals, a Johnson & Johnson company, for the global co-development and commercialization of NBTXR3 in 2023.

The phase 2 CONVERGE study has commenced dosing its first participant to evaluate the radioenhancer JNJ-1900 (NBTXR3) in stage III unresectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. This trial investigates the efficacy of NBTXR3 combined with standard chemoradiation and consolidation durvalumab. NBTXR3, a hafnium oxide nanoparticle, is activated by radiotherapy to induce tumor cell death and an adaptive immune response. The study aims to enhance objective response rates in NSCLC, with eligibility criteria including specific NSCLC stages and performance status, while excluding certain medical conditions.

The first participant has been dosed on the phase 2 CONVERGE study evaluating NBTXR3 in stage III, unresectable non–small cell lung cancer.

Breaking Down the CONVERGE Study of NBTXR3 in Stage 3 Unresectable NSCLC

The woman who raised me and I did not always see eye to eye. In fact, as two stubborn, opinionated characters we frequently bickered, challenged and exchanged choice words with one another. 

As I reflect on 25 years strong with Mom, here are some of my favorite words that we exchanged. We gave each other many cards over the past few years, one of which she had told me she looked for a long time searching for the right message to express her feelings. It reads:

"When you have a daughter who makes you proud, makes you laugh and, very often, makes your day ... you know what joy is. When you have a daughter who is a good person with a gracious heart and generous spirit ... you know what peace is. When you have a daughter whose beauty (inside and out) is matched only by her compassion for others ... you know what love is. Because I have you for my daughter, I know what it is to be truly blessed."

When I first read those words — as I read them now — I feel so close to my mom. Recently, I found a card with the words that expressed how I feel about her. I read this aloud to her on Christmas Day.

"Dear Mom, I'm so grateful for the way I was raised. You were never afraid to be my mother — to put your foot down, to teach me right from wrong, to make sure I did my best. You always let me know I had a mama who cared about me, who believed in me, who was there for me no matter what. Growing up with that kind of love and support made such a difference in my life; it made me who I am today."

My mother was never afraid to voice her opinion or be one to mince words, to put it lightly; but she was always pure in her intentions and true in her actions, and I feel so clearly, so humbly loved. As I go forward, I remember her strength and purity, her fierce sense of pride, her generous heart and sensitivity, her sense of humor (she once packed me a peanut-butter-jelly-and-ham sandwich because I refused to pick one of the two). 

Throughout her life and especially in her fight against lung cancer, Mom set us an example in unconditional devotion, taught our family valuable life lessons and never lost her indomitable spirit.

I know Mom is with us now and always. Goodbyes are only for those who love with their eyes, because for those who love with heart and soul there is no such thing as separation. I love you Mom, Happy New Year. Rest in peace and God bless.

For more news on cancer updates, research and education, don’t forget to

The narrative reflects on a complex yet deeply loving relationship between a daughter and her mother, characterized by mutual respect and understanding despite frequent disagreements. The daughter cherishes the heartfelt words exchanged through cards, highlighting the mother's pride, love, and unwavering support. The mother, who battled lung cancer, exemplified strength, devotion, and humor, leaving a lasting impact on her family. The daughter expresses gratitude for her upbringing and acknowledges the enduring connection with her mother, emphasizing that true love transcends physical separation.

A Tribute to Mom

JNJ-1900 (NBTXR3) is a novel intratumoral radioenhancer, activated by radiation therapy, which is being investigated in phase 1 clinical research for patients with lung cancer, according to Dr. Jared Weiss, who went on to explain that the therapeutic is designed to minimize damage to surrounding healthy lung tissue while amplifying the local effect of radiation therapy.

This research remains vital because lung cancer is still one of the leading causes of cancer death world-wide, increasing the need for new treatment options. In order to address this unmet need, intratumoral therapies are continuing to be investigated. They have the potential to minimize toxicity early on during treatment through higher concentrations of localized therapy, according to a news release detailing the investigation.

I'm personally very intrigued by recent data exploring why immunotherapy often fails when combined concurrently with radiation. Most famously, these failures are observed in head and neck cancer, another area of my interest,” Weiss explained in a Q&A-style interview with CURE.

“We have multiple trials showing that adding immunotherapy at the same time as radiation doesn't seem to help,” he continued.

Weiss, section chief of Thoracic and Head/Neck Oncology at the UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, located in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, sat down to discuss the investigation of JNJ-1900, expanding on the logistical and clinical challenges of intratumoral delivery in lung cancer, as well as the safety of the therapeutic.

Weiss is also the professor of Medicine in the Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, at the UNC School of Medicine.

key concern with radiotherapy is damage to surrounding healthy lung tissue. How does JNJ-1900 help mitigate this risk, and what are the preliminary safety and feasibility signals emerging from the trial?

: The product is a half-million nanoparticle that you inject into the tumor, specifically into the area you plan to radiate. The units of traditional radiation are called photons. What 1900 does is, for every one photon it absorbs, it releases nine electrons. Electrons are also a form of radiation, and critically, they don't travel very far, which provides its specificity. It's very, very focal in that way.

Intratumoral therapies are gaining attention for their potential to deliver high concentrations of therapy directly into tumors. In your experience, what are the logistical and clinical challenges of intratumoral delivery in lung cancer, and how does JNJ-1900 address them?

Traditionally, in the lung cancer world, we've discussed the difficulty of obtaining adequate tissue biopsies. Particularly in the context of lung cancer, especially non-squamous cancer, molecular characterization is incredibly important for guiding appropriate treatment. For a decade or two, there's been a long-standing conversation about how challenging it can be to get enough tissue.

JNJ-1900, however, represents the reverse of that. Instead of taking something out, you're putting something in. The logistical barriers are exactly the same: you have to make the procedure safe, feasible, and comfortable for the patient. What has changed isn't necessarily something specific to JNJ-1900, but rather the evolution of biopsy modalities. I'm particularly inspired by the development of interventional bronchoscopy methods.

The traditional biopsy is performed from the outside-in. With CT guidance, a needle is inserted through the skin, through the lining of the lung (called the pleura), and into an area of the tumor. This method carries a very real risk of pneumothorax, or, in simpler terms, a collapsed lung.

Bronchoscopy is the opposite approach. You go through the trachea (the breathing tube), down through the airways, and then move from the inside-out, progressing from the airways in the middle of the lung outwards toward a lymph node, primary tumor, or whatever the target may be. Modern bronchoscopy can reach quite far out, accessing most places in the lung. This is important because the patient is sedated for the procedure, leading to less discomfort during the process.

Crucially, the rate of pneumothorax or collapsed lung is quite a bit lower. In the hands of a skilled interventional bronchoscopist, you can reach almost anywhere in the lung pretty safely and comfortably to introduce the product.

Beyond safety, are there any early indications of efficacy or biological activity in the current JNJ-1900 study cohort that suggest potential for improving outcomes in patients with localized lung cancer?

The best indication we have for efficacy in the localized setting is the efficacy observed in the metastatic setting. My greatest fear when treating a patient with localized lung cancer with the goal of cure is that they will experience a recurrence with distant spread. Metastatic or distant spread is what causes most of the suffering and death in lung cancer. Therefore, novel therapeutics for lung cancer are primarily aimed at improving this distant control.

Historically, this has been achieved with systemic medications, which are effective because they can reach nearly every part of the body via the bloodstream. JNJ-1900, however, offers a very novel "have your cake and eat it too" strategy. You're performing a local intervention, but what's truly exciting for me isn't just that it helps effectively target the local tumor. It also contributes to distant control. When you treat one spot with JNJ-1900 and then introduce pembrolizumab, you achieve better control at distant sites.

This phenomenon, where treating one area leads to efficacy elsewhere, is called the abscopal effect. Historically, it was something radiation oncologists talked about a lot more than it actually occurred in the real world, probably at a ratio of at least 20 to one. However, there are now real abscopal effects observed in metastatic disease with JNJ-1900. This gives me a lot of hope that treatment in the localized context will significantly improve distant control.

Looking ahead, how do you envision the role of radioenhancers like JNJ-1900 evolving within standard lung cancer treatment regimens, particularly as part of multimodal strategies that aim to reduce systemic toxicity and improve long-term disease control?

This is a highly speculative question, but I'm happy to offer some thoughts, with the understanding that this is a very uncertain area. I'm personally very intrigued by recent data exploring why immunotherapy often fails when combined concurrently with radiation. Most famously, these failures are observed in head and neck cancer, another area of my interest. We have multiple trials showing that adding immunotherapy at the same time as radiation doesn't seem to help.

There's some data suggesting that this lack of benefit might be because the radiation is obliterating those first draining lymph nodes that are crucial for immune system activation. When you have cancer in a specific spot, that first draining lymph node is where the immune system initially encounters foreign elements — what we call antigen presentation — to which it might react.

Therefore, I'm generally intrigued by the idea of exciting approaches like JNJ-1900 being given neoadjuvantly. The concept is that before you obliterate those lymph nodes, you deliver a small burst of hypofractionated radiation, which is what you do with JNJ-1900. Coupled with its known immune-stimulating properties, this timing might combine very well and prove to be a clever and useful approach.

JNJ-1900 (NBTXR3) is an innovative intratumoral radioenhancer activated by radiation therapy, currently under phase 1 investigation for lung cancer. It aims to enhance radiation effects while minimizing damage to healthy tissue. Intratumoral therapies like JNJ-1900 are promising for reducing early treatment toxicity by concentrating therapy locally. The logistical challenges of intratumoral delivery in lung cancer are addressed by advanced bronchoscopy techniques. JNJ-1900 shows potential for improving distant control through the abscopal effect, offering a novel approach to lung cancer treatment, especially when combined with immunotherapy.

Dr. Jared Weiss walks patients through the therapeutic potential viability of intratumoral therapies among those with lung cancer.

Dr. Massimo Cristofanilli

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