There Are Multiple Dynamic Biomarkers for Bladder Cancer

When it comes to biomarkers used to determine treatment strategy in bladder cancer, there is more than PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4, says Padmanee Sharma, M.D., Ph.D., Professor, Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.

Researchers have not yet examined or reached a full understanding of all the possible checkpoints, especially since the targets — like the immune response in general – are very dynamic and change over time.